2. Walt Disney Co. and News Corporation are two examples of cross-media companies, as they both own subsidiaries in different mediums, e.g. web, Tv etc.
Tuesday, 29 November 2016
Homework: Revision
1. A conglomerate is a group of companies (called subsidiaries) owned by one larger company. An Independent company is different to this, as they are not owned and do not own any other company.
2. Walt Disney Co. and News Corporation are two examples of cross-media companies, as they both own subsidiaries in different mediums, e.g. web, Tv etc.
2. Walt Disney Co. and News Corporation are two examples of cross-media companies, as they both own subsidiaries in different mediums, e.g. web, Tv etc.
Wednesday, 23 November 2016
LO4: BARB Analysis
ITV (7 - 13 November 2016)
ITV consistently had soaps as the most popular programming, with 8 of the top 10 most popular programmes being soap operas. This indicates that the target audience, those who watch soaps, are most likely in the C1, C2 and D rankings of the ABC1 system, because this is the demographic most likely to watch this typeof programme. As ITV is a commercial TV channel, this makes sense, as in order to make the most profit they would have to appeal to the majority of the population not a niche audience, which is this demographic. The other most popular programmes on ITV were reality shows, such as I'm a Celebrity and the X Factor, which also typically has the C1, C2 and D audience, which supports my point. As the times for the most popular programmes were after working hours, this also supports my point, as the targeted audience would usually be working during the day and so wouldn't be able to watch day time programming.
Programmes such as I'm a Celebrity are 'water cooler' programmes, shows that people get drawn to but don't have much substance.
ITV consistently had soaps as the most popular programming, with 8 of the top 10 most popular programmes being soap operas. This indicates that the target audience, those who watch soaps, are most likely in the C1, C2 and D rankings of the ABC1 system, because this is the demographic most likely to watch this typeof programme. As ITV is a commercial TV channel, this makes sense, as in order to make the most profit they would have to appeal to the majority of the population not a niche audience, which is this demographic. The other most popular programmes on ITV were reality shows, such as I'm a Celebrity and the X Factor, which also typically has the C1, C2 and D audience, which supports my point. As the times for the most popular programmes were after working hours, this also supports my point, as the targeted audience would usually be working during the day and so wouldn't be able to watch day time programming.
Programmes such as I'm a Celebrity are 'water cooler' programmes, shows that people get drawn to but don't have much substance.
LO4: Audience Research
Starter
For this section of the exam, we have to analyse data collected by the organisations.
Organisations that collate data:
RAJAR - Radio Joint Audience Research - Collects data about listenerships for radio
NRS - National Readership Survey - Collects data about print products, such as magazines and newspaper readership
BARB - Broadcast Audience Research Board - Collects data about TV audiencesFor this section of the exam, we have to analyse data collected by the organisations.
Tuesday, 22 November 2016
Inception - Active Audience Theory
Hall (1980) encoding/decoding model
Preferred reading - As the majority of the audience were white males, and the majority of the protagonists were white males, the story of Inception may have been easier to accept for them as they could relate to the characters on screen (the Ideal Self theory, the audience wants to do be the characters)/ not have (as many) prejudices against the characters. Other audience demographics may have found the film harder to be interested in, however, males and females may have enjoyed the film due to the Ideal Self/Partner theory, regardless of race, age etc.
Inception - BBFC Rating
Inception
Inception had a rating of
a 12A from the BBFC, owing to the fact that it contains frequent use of
moderate violence, moderate language and brief themes of suicide.
Extended fight scenes,
such as the quintessential corridor fight scene, are fairly frequent in the
film, with mildly graphic punches being shown that could be stressful for a
younger audience, although little blood or gore was highlighted. This also applies
to the gun battles that take place during the film – some blood and dead bodies
are shown, although not to the extent that it could be disturbing for a younger
audience. A scene where two people are killed by an explosion, which a
protagonist did casually, could be seen as graphic, however, it was shown as
vaguely comedic in the way the action was portrayed (quip after the killing,
bodies not shown) which mitigated the violence. There is also the factor to
consider that all the violence takes place in a dream state, with no violence
taking part in real life, and as the audience is constantly reminded of this,
this also serves to mitigate some of the damage, which supports the 12A age
rating.
Moderate language is
featured continuously and frequently throughout Inception, but was only used when
there was violence or during tense scenes, which is appropriate as it is only
used in context and for the sake of it. This also applies to the very limited use of strong language, as it was used in an appropriate context. In addition, there were no use of crude or otherwise offensive language in the film as well, which means resulted in not having a higher rating.
There was very little sexual content in Inception, even less than the 12A rating it was given allowed. Only scenes of kissing were shown throughout the film, with subtle insinuation implied in one scene. As a 12A allows brief nudity and mild sexual content, this is below the rating. And in addition, one of the few kissing scenes in the film is isn't romantic or sexual, as it was purely a device used to complete the mission. However, the quip made afterwards could be seen as making it sexual, although not to the extent to warrant a 12A rating.
Nudity was also not included in Inception - the only thing that could be considered close to nude would be an open-back dress, but this link is tenuous at best. No other nudity was included in the film, again, again not enough for a 12A rating.
Drug use is slightly insinuated in the film, with a mix of connotations. A group of elderly people are shown to be addicted to Inception, which involves a chemical component, because it lets them live in their dreams, an appealing thought for many in the audience. However, the protagonists' reactions to the discovery is negative, going against many audience's opinions, to show drug use un in a negative light, which is appropriate for a 12A.
In conclusion, Inception's violence and profanity are the main, and almost sole reasons for it's 12A rating, as other content is light or not included at all.
There was very little sexual content in Inception, even less than the 12A rating it was given allowed. Only scenes of kissing were shown throughout the film, with subtle insinuation implied in one scene. As a 12A allows brief nudity and mild sexual content, this is below the rating. And in addition, one of the few kissing scenes in the film is isn't romantic or sexual, as it was purely a device used to complete the mission. However, the quip made afterwards could be seen as making it sexual, although not to the extent to warrant a 12A rating.
Nudity was also not included in Inception - the only thing that could be considered close to nude would be an open-back dress, but this link is tenuous at best. No other nudity was included in the film, again, again not enough for a 12A rating.
Drug use is slightly insinuated in the film, with a mix of connotations. A group of elderly people are shown to be addicted to Inception, which involves a chemical component, because it lets them live in their dreams, an appealing thought for many in the audience. However, the protagonists' reactions to the discovery is negative, going against many audience's opinions, to show drug use un in a negative light, which is appropriate for a 12A.
In conclusion, Inception's violence and profanity are the main, and almost sole reasons for it's 12A rating, as other content is light or not included at all.
Starter: BBFC
5 points of regulation from the BBFC for Inception (12A):
Frequent mild violence - no blood or gore
Frequent mild language - crap, bullshit etc
(Very) mild sexual content - kissing
Things allowed in a 12A:
Mild violence
Moderate language
Mild sexual content
May be nudity, but in a sexual context can only be brief
Insinuation to drug use, or drug use but has to carry an anti-drug method
Frequent mild violence - no blood or gore
Frequent mild language - crap, bullshit etc
(Very) mild sexual content - kissing
Things allowed in a 12A:
Mild violence
Moderate language
Mild sexual content
May be nudity, but in a sexual context can only be brief
Insinuation to drug use, or drug use but has to carry an anti-drug method
Wednesday, 16 November 2016
LO6: Starter
The two main areas when media effects are discussed
Scream
Call of Duty - Modern Warfare 2
Breaking Bad
Marilyn Manson
BBFC
Protectionism
From early 80s, BBFC had to work more to protect the public due to new technology:
VHS - Home videos - Video Recordings Act 1984, brought in by government to go against 'video nasties' that were being made, horror films etc people made at home
Passive and active audience theories.
Give examples of a theory that can be applied to each area
Passive - Hypodermic syringe theory - people believe everything they hear in the media.
Active - Uses and Gratifications (McQuail, 1972) - people use the media for their own purpose
Give an example of a media text that caused a 'moral panic'
GTA 5Scream
Call of Duty - Modern Warfare 2
Breaking Bad
Marilyn Manson
BBFC
British Board of Film Classification (used to be British Board of Film Censors, changed in 1984)
Provide an age rating or certificate for films
Protect the public from violence and offensive images
Protectionism
From early 80s, BBFC had to work more to protect the public due to new technology:
VHS - Home videos - Video Recordings Act 1984, brought in by government to go against 'video nasties' that were being made, horror films etc people made at home
Tuesday, 15 November 2016
Homework: Impact on audiences - Inception
Homework:
For example, Inception goes against Earp and Katz's theory (1999), that males are represented as people 'with pathological control and violence'. This can be seen by the main male characters, Cobb and Arthur, wanting to avoid violence whenever possible in favour of a more peaceful approach, showing the team going to great lengths to avoid this. On the other hand, violence is frequent throughout the film, which suggests that violence is inevitable in the circumstances, and the majority of the male characters are shown to be effective in combat, which could be seen as suggesting that men are involved in violence, regardless of their intentions, which is somewhat supported by Earp and Katz's theory. This impacts the audience in a positive way, as it doesn't stereotype men when it had the possibility to.
The same can also be said for women. Mulvey's theory (1975) says that women are objectified in the media, but Inception's involvement in this is almost non-existant. The woman with the most prevalent role, who is also a main character, is Ariadne, who introduced and shown throughout the film to be intelligent and an integral part of the team, to the extent that she saved the main protagonist, and the mission wouldn't've been able to have happened without her. The lack of revealing or suggestive dress also resulted in her being on the team purely for her intelligence. Even the antagonist, Mol, is never objectified as much as she is used as a metaphor for failure for Cobb. There one scene, however, that could be seen as objectification. Arthur and Ariadne kiss in order to keep their cover and not get revealed in one of the dream states, but after it is revealed to have no effect, Arthur, the initiator, looks more smug than surprised, like he used the opportunity to get a kiss and not for the apparent reason. This theme doesn't continue throughout the film, though, so it is very limited at best. Having a main female character who is shown off for her intelligence instead of a sex object would impact the audience positively, as it presents women as equal to men, as Ariadne, although in the minority as she was the only woman on the team, could still thrive and even save the day when needed.
Themes of suicide are portrayed heavily in Inception, which could have a negative impact in the audience, especially with members who are suicidal or who have experienced suicide before. On the other hand, suicide is clearly and repeatedly demonised by the main character, Cobb, and is shown to have negative repercussions, not just because Mol dies, but also because she is a frequent threat to the group due to the fact that she killed herself, and that the whole plot is centred around her death and suicide. Even though the scene where Mol and Cobb lay on a train track to kill themselves could be interpreted as almost romanticising suicide - using a loving couple dying together presents the act as an almost inspirational act, the narration over it shows otherwise, and again the fact that it took place in a dream state takes away from the impact. So suicide, which is presented throughout the film, is impactful in a positive way in the film as it shows the damaging repercussions it has not just on the person but on many people, for example the fact that the whole plot is based in it's effect. So this avoids the threat presented in Stanley Cohen's there (1972), as Inception does not demonise people suffering from mental illness our suicidal tendencies, although more could be done to show Mol in a different light, as she as a character could be seen as negative towards those issues.
Identify the potential impact of a media product you have studied on the audience.
For example, Inception goes against Earp and Katz's theory (1999), that males are represented as people 'with pathological control and violence'. This can be seen by the main male characters, Cobb and Arthur, wanting to avoid violence whenever possible in favour of a more peaceful approach, showing the team going to great lengths to avoid this. On the other hand, violence is frequent throughout the film, which suggests that violence is inevitable in the circumstances, and the majority of the male characters are shown to be effective in combat, which could be seen as suggesting that men are involved in violence, regardless of their intentions, which is somewhat supported by Earp and Katz's theory. This impacts the audience in a positive way, as it doesn't stereotype men when it had the possibility to.
The same can also be said for women. Mulvey's theory (1975) says that women are objectified in the media, but Inception's involvement in this is almost non-existant. The woman with the most prevalent role, who is also a main character, is Ariadne, who introduced and shown throughout the film to be intelligent and an integral part of the team, to the extent that she saved the main protagonist, and the mission wouldn't've been able to have happened without her. The lack of revealing or suggestive dress also resulted in her being on the team purely for her intelligence. Even the antagonist, Mol, is never objectified as much as she is used as a metaphor for failure for Cobb. There one scene, however, that could be seen as objectification. Arthur and Ariadne kiss in order to keep their cover and not get revealed in one of the dream states, but after it is revealed to have no effect, Arthur, the initiator, looks more smug than surprised, like he used the opportunity to get a kiss and not for the apparent reason. This theme doesn't continue throughout the film, though, so it is very limited at best. Having a main female character who is shown off for her intelligence instead of a sex object would impact the audience positively, as it presents women as equal to men, as Ariadne, although in the minority as she was the only woman on the team, could still thrive and even save the day when needed.
Themes of suicide are portrayed heavily in Inception, which could have a negative impact in the audience, especially with members who are suicidal or who have experienced suicide before. On the other hand, suicide is clearly and repeatedly demonised by the main character, Cobb, and is shown to have negative repercussions, not just because Mol dies, but also because she is a frequent threat to the group due to the fact that she killed herself, and that the whole plot is centred around her death and suicide. Even though the scene where Mol and Cobb lay on a train track to kill themselves could be interpreted as almost romanticising suicide - using a loving couple dying together presents the act as an almost inspirational act, the narration over it shows otherwise, and again the fact that it took place in a dream state takes away from the impact. So suicide, which is presented throughout the film, is impactful in a positive way in the film as it shows the damaging repercussions it has not just on the person but on many people, for example the fact that the whole plot is based in it's effect. So this avoids the threat presented in Stanley Cohen's there (1972), as Inception does not demonise people suffering from mental illness our suicidal tendencies, although more could be done to show Mol in a different light, as she as a character could be seen as negative towards those issues.
LO6: Media Effects
Passive Audience Theory (Adorno and Horkheimer)
In the 1940-50's, the mass media were perceived as an extreme influence towards audiences adapted behaviour. This was linked to rise of advertising and consumerism.
This model does not hold much positivity for the audience, however it is a good method for a media producer, politicians and also towards the use of marketing.
'Hidden Persuaders' book about it, by Vance Packard (1957).
When the 'mass media' demonise groups, people or products that they believe become a threat to society, values and interests it is called a 'moral panic' (Stanley Cohen, 1972). The group/products that are referred to as 'folk devils'.
Violence in the media - Anderson (2007) - that high exposure to fast-paced violent games can lead to changes in brain function when processing violent images, including dampening of emotional responses to violence. One of the high risk factors?
Known as desensitisation.
Ferguson (2012) showed no long term link over three years.
Columbine High, Colorado Shooting - 'copycat' violence.
Media products that have been criticised for negative impact
Representation
Hall (1980) - All representations are mediated.
Perkins (1979) - Not all stereotypes are negative.
Alvarado (1987), Hall (1995) - ethnicity 'exotic, dangerous, humorous, pitied'.
Turton (2014) - hooligans, trouble causers. Black and asian boys.
Lloyd (1995) - girls as 'double deviant' - trouble causers but shouldn't be because they are women.
Active Audience Theory
Other school of thought, we are able to filter and adapt to content in the media, (Gauntlett, 1995) - backwards...
We have uses and gratifications (McQuail, 1972) theory - people use media for their own purposes?
Provides a more positive outlook on the effects of media.
Hall (1980) - encoding/decoding model.
Preferred reading - by audience depending on their background but accepts the dominant viewpoint/story.
Negotiated reading - partially agrees with meaning.
Oppositional reading - meaning understood but don't agree and think opposite.
Aberrant - gets the completely wrong meaning entirely.
Inception features very little that could be considered controversial. However, the message that the criminals won in the film could be seen as a negative influence to viewers. There could be seen as an issue regarding mental health, as the unstable woman in the film kills herself, and then returns as a recurring threat in the film, which could be seen as offensive to people with (similar) mental health issues.
The film might give the positive effect of valuing family, as the whole plot and purpose of the narrative is to reunite Cobb with his family, showing it's importance, and the revelation with Frost and his father also stresses this. It could also tell us that people who are often seen as faceless in society - media moguls and criminals, are people to, and have a family they value.
Hypodermic syringe - implies that media has a negative impact. Mass audience believe everything they see/hear.
In the 1940-50's, the mass media were perceived as an extreme influence towards audiences adapted behaviour. This was linked to rise of advertising and consumerism.
This model does not hold much positivity for the audience, however it is a good method for a media producer, politicians and also towards the use of marketing.
'Hidden Persuaders' book about it, by Vance Packard (1957).
When the 'mass media' demonise groups, people or products that they believe become a threat to society, values and interests it is called a 'moral panic' (Stanley Cohen, 1972). The group/products that are referred to as 'folk devils'.
Violence in the media - Anderson (2007) - that high exposure to fast-paced violent games can lead to changes in brain function when processing violent images, including dampening of emotional responses to violence. One of the high risk factors?
Known as desensitisation.
Ferguson (2012) showed no long term link over three years.
Columbine High, Colorado Shooting - 'copycat' violence.
Media products that have been criticised for negative impact
Call of Duty - Modern Warfare 2 (example)
Grand Theft Auto - Whole series (example)
Scream - Man killed someone in a similar way to the film, and admitted wanting to emulate it.
Representation
Hall (1980) - All representations are mediated.
Perkins (1979) - Not all stereotypes are negative.
Mulvey (1975) - women objectified in the media.
Earp and Katz (1999) - representation of males, 'equation of masculinity with pathological control and violence'.
Butler (1993) - representation of gay people, are they stereotypical.
Alvarado (1987), Hall (1995) - ethnicity 'exotic, dangerous, humorous, pitied'.
Turton (2014) - hooligans, trouble causers. Black and asian boys.
Lloyd (1995) - girls as 'double deviant' - trouble causers but shouldn't be because they are women.
Active Audience Theory
Other school of thought, we are able to filter and adapt to content in the media, (Gauntlett, 1995) - backwards...
We have uses and gratifications (McQuail, 1972) theory - people use media for their own purposes?
Provides a more positive outlook on the effects of media.
Hall (1980) - encoding/decoding model.
Preferred reading - by audience depending on their background but accepts the dominant viewpoint/story.
Negotiated reading - partially agrees with meaning.
Oppositional reading - meaning understood but don't agree and think opposite.
Aberrant - gets the completely wrong meaning entirely.
Inception features very little that could be considered controversial. However, the message that the criminals won in the film could be seen as a negative influence to viewers. There could be seen as an issue regarding mental health, as the unstable woman in the film kills herself, and then returns as a recurring threat in the film, which could be seen as offensive to people with (similar) mental health issues.
The film might give the positive effect of valuing family, as the whole plot and purpose of the narrative is to reunite Cobb with his family, showing it's importance, and the revelation with Frost and his father also stresses this. It could also tell us that people who are often seen as faceless in society - media moguls and criminals, are people to, and have a family they value.
Wednesday, 9 November 2016
LO4: Uses and Gratification Theory
Denis McQuail, 1972
There are four reasons that people consume media products/pleasures they gain from them:
1. Surveillance - news media, everyone wants to know what everyone else is up to, finding info, find out info - documentaries, Planet Earth 2 etc
2. Escapism - people try to escape to a more preferable life, like celebrities, or to relax
3. Building personal identity - social media etc, putting info out there to present themselves in a certain way, people use media personalities as role models - fashion, cooking, cars etc
4. Building personal relationships - communciating with people via the media, that they wouldn't usually talk to, media products provide topics of conversation - soaps, news, magazines etc.
Uses and Gratification theory - Inception
Surveillance - Looking into the lives of white collar criminals, forefrunt of technology, which the audience is likely to be interested in. However, it doesn't feature much in terms of serveillance.
Escapism - Many people would like to experience the fast-paced life in this film, while also experiencing advanced technology and adventure, which many people would use as escape.
Building personal identity and relationships - isn't really featured in this film, however, the latter could be seen as people communicate via the media to discuss the ending of the film or the iconic corridor scene.
Other reasons:
Narrative resolution (all)
Freudenschade (comedy)
Stars (Dyer, 1975) (all)
Friendship/companionship (all)
There are four reasons that people consume media products/pleasures they gain from them:
1. Surveillance - news media, everyone wants to know what everyone else is up to, finding info, find out info - documentaries, Planet Earth 2 etc
2. Escapism - people try to escape to a more preferable life, like celebrities, or to relax
3. Building personal identity - social media etc, putting info out there to present themselves in a certain way, people use media personalities as role models - fashion, cooking, cars etc
4. Building personal relationships - communciating with people via the media, that they wouldn't usually talk to, media products provide topics of conversation - soaps, news, magazines etc.
Uses and Gratification theory - Inception
Surveillance - Looking into the lives of white collar criminals, forefrunt of technology, which the audience is likely to be interested in. However, it doesn't feature much in terms of serveillance.
Escapism - Many people would like to experience the fast-paced life in this film, while also experiencing advanced technology and adventure, which many people would use as escape.
Building personal identity and relationships - isn't really featured in this film, however, the latter could be seen as people communicate via the media to discuss the ending of the film or the iconic corridor scene.
Other reasons:
Narrative resolution (all)
Freudenschade (comedy)
Stars (Dyer, 1975) (all)
Friendship/companionship (all)
LO4: Inception Audience Profile
18-35 is the age demographic for Inception, in my opinion. The complex plot and fast paced action is suitable for a young audience, while older and younger people may find it too fast and confusing.
I think that the gender percentage of the audience for Inception is 80% male 20% female. This is because the type of people that are usually interested in this type of film - Sci Fi, are typically male, this also being the case for the Action genre that it's also part of. Inception also has a mainly male cast, which the audience could try to relate to.
Social grade - most likely a ABC1 percentage of 70%, as the characters are most relatable to that social grade due to the corporate theme in them - good education, expensive suits etc. And the more complex plot could be more appealing to a person with a higher level of education, as it would be easier to follow and think about/predict.
I think that the gender percentage of the audience for Inception is 80% male 20% female. This is because the type of people that are usually interested in this type of film - Sci Fi, are typically male, this also being the case for the Action genre that it's also part of. Inception also has a mainly male cast, which the audience could try to relate to.
Social grade - most likely a ABC1 percentage of 70%, as the characters are most relatable to that social grade due to the corporate theme in them - good education, expensive suits etc. And the more complex plot could be more appealing to a person with a higher level of education, as it would be easier to follow and think about/predict.
LO4: Key words and Theories revision
Demographic - characteristics of an audience
Conglomerate -
Horizontal Integration -
Audience -
Indpendent -
Niche -
Mass -
Key Theory 1 - John Hartley (1987)
All media products have 'invisible fictions' before they are made.
Key Theory 2 - Ien Ang (1991)
All media producers have 'imaginary entities' in mind before their production.
Conglomerate -
Horizontal Integration -
Audience -
Indpendent -
Niche -
Mass -
Key Theory 1 - John Hartley (1987)
All media products have 'invisible fictions' before they are made.
Key Theory 2 - Ien Ang (1991)
All media producers have 'imaginary entities' in mind before their production.
Tuesday, 8 November 2016
KTA 5 Genre Theory Feedback Sheet
OCR Cambridge Technical Level 3 Media Unit:
1
Student Name: Theo Bebbington Class: 12x Minimum Target Grade for task: DISTINCTION Personal Target Grade for task: DISTINCTION
Key tracking assessment 5: Genre
analysis
LO3: Understand how meaning is created in media
products
|
Task interim Key Tracking Assessments
|
Work to complete
|
P
|
M
|
D
|
Feedback and Upgrades Required
|
|
Task 5 Draft
|
·
Complete
a write up of genre theory.
|
✓
|
✓
|
✓*
|
P Outstanding
Theo. You have used excellent examples to support the theory,
|
|
I Revise all 5 genre theories and keep working hard to
learn the film product.
|
|||||
|
N
|
|||||
|
Literacy/
Numeracy/Oracy
Assessment on your
Unit blog.
|
·
P Good overall, Theo – well done..
|
||||
|
·
I
|
|||||
|
·
N
|
|||||
GRADE FOR KTA 4: DISTINCTION*
|
LO4: Understand the target audience of media
1. What is audience research and how can it be conducted?
I think that audience research is the process in which a product creator tries to find out information about their audience in order to make their product more appealing to that audience.
This can be conducted by surveys, interviews, reviews etc.
Audience Research Organisations:
I think that audience research is the process in which a product creator tries to find out information about their audience in order to make their product more appealing to that audience.
This can be conducted by surveys, interviews, reviews etc.
Audience Research Organisations:
Thursday, 3 November 2016
Tuesday, 1 November 2016
LO3: Theories of Representation
Representation - How the media shows us things about society but this is careful mediation.
Key Theory 1 - Tim O'Sullivan
For representation to work there has to be a shared recognition of people and places. All representation therefore have ideaologies behind them.
Ideaology refers to a set of ideas which produces a partial and selecive view of reality.
Key Theory 2 - Richard Dyer (1983)
Audiences should question the representations they see in media texts.
What does the representation imply? Is it typical of the world or deviant?
Key Theory 3 - Laura Mulvey (1975)
Male gaze.
Women are objectified in media texts and passive objects.
Audiences are positioned to view the women from the point of view of a heterosexual male.
Key Theory 4 - Stuart Hall (1995)
Western/ white cultures continue to misinterpret ethnic minorities as in the media due to underlying racist tendencies.
E.g. non-white as 'the other', evil, barbaric.
Key Theory 5 - Edward Said (1987)
Says that people of colour are represented as humourous, pittied, exotic, dangerous etc.
1. The representation of Cobb in the film - a concerned father who has made mistakes in the past, is recognised in society as many parents feel this way about looking after their children, regardless of gender.
2. Challenging the representation of Cobb will raise questions about the world he lives in and what it represents. For example, Cobb is a concerned father, but he is also a career criminal, so this could suggest that the world is deviant to ours, because concerned and successful-looking father can still be career criminals.
3. Inception disproves Laura Mulvey's theory. This is because the woman that is featured most in the film, Aridanne, dresses modestly, without being objectified as her intellect is explored and is shown to be intergral to the plot. She is also shown to not be submissive, taking control in the final scenes to save the day, which is the opposite of Mulvey's theory.
4. The theory of Stuart Hall is partially supported in Incpetion. This is because the antagonist at the start of the film is Asian, and was portrayed as barbaric as he ordered the death of the protagonist's friend. However, this changes as him and another ethnic minority join the team, and they are shown to be valuable, and not seperated due to their ethnicities.
5. There are only two ethnic minorities in Inception. Both are parts of the team, although they are smaller roles. Neither are the comic relief in the team (which instead is a British person), and although one was villified at the start (which supports Said's theory), by the end both are considered the 'good guys'.
Key Theory 1 - Tim O'Sullivan
For representation to work there has to be a shared recognition of people and places. All representation therefore have ideaologies behind them.
Ideaology refers to a set of ideas which produces a partial and selecive view of reality.
Key Theory 2 - Richard Dyer (1983)
Audiences should question the representations they see in media texts.
What does the representation imply? Is it typical of the world or deviant?
Key Theory 3 - Laura Mulvey (1975)
Male gaze.
Women are objectified in media texts and passive objects.
Audiences are positioned to view the women from the point of view of a heterosexual male.
Key Theory 4 - Stuart Hall (1995)
Western/ white cultures continue to misinterpret ethnic minorities as in the media due to underlying racist tendencies.
E.g. non-white as 'the other', evil, barbaric.
Key Theory 5 - Edward Said (1987)
Says that people of colour are represented as humourous, pittied, exotic, dangerous etc.
1. The representation of Cobb in the film - a concerned father who has made mistakes in the past, is recognised in society as many parents feel this way about looking after their children, regardless of gender.
2. Challenging the representation of Cobb will raise questions about the world he lives in and what it represents. For example, Cobb is a concerned father, but he is also a career criminal, so this could suggest that the world is deviant to ours, because concerned and successful-looking father can still be career criminals.
3. Inception disproves Laura Mulvey's theory. This is because the woman that is featured most in the film, Aridanne, dresses modestly, without being objectified as her intellect is explored and is shown to be intergral to the plot. She is also shown to not be submissive, taking control in the final scenes to save the day, which is the opposite of Mulvey's theory.
4. The theory of Stuart Hall is partially supported in Incpetion. This is because the antagonist at the start of the film is Asian, and was portrayed as barbaric as he ordered the death of the protagonist's friend. However, this changes as him and another ethnic minority join the team, and they are shown to be valuable, and not seperated due to their ethnicities.
5. There are only two ethnic minorities in Inception. Both are parts of the team, although they are smaller roles. Neither are the comic relief in the team (which instead is a British person), and although one was villified at the start (which supports Said's theory), by the end both are considered the 'good guys'.
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)